Vol. 8, Issue 1, Part A (2026)

Embryo Transfer (ET) has emerged as a transformative assisted reproductive technology in the dairy and beef industries, enabling the rapid multiplication of high-quality genetics from elite donor females. This review examines the fundamental principles and procedural advancements that have shaped contemporary bovine ET. Key technical stages are discussed, including the rigorous selection of clinically healthy donor cows, superovulation protocols using PMSG or FSH to induce multiple ovulations, and specialized insemination techniques. Particular emphasis is given to the transition from invasive surgical recovery to modern nonsurgical transcervical flushing, typically optimized for the day 6-8 post-estrus window to ensure maximum embryo viability and ease of handling. Additionally, the article highlights the comparative benefits of in vivo and in vitro fertilization (IVF) and the role of ET in global biosecurity and genetic dissemination. By bypassing natural reproductive limits, ET continues to be a primary driver of economic value and genetic progress in modern livestock production.